Making Volcanoes - Science

AIM: To create the simulation of a volcano eruption.

Method:

Get a flat piece of cardboard. (Or flatten a box).

Get a 700ml bottle and place it in the middle of the cardboard.

Make glue (a little salt, water, flour).

Get a lot of newspaper and scrunch it up into balls.

Use your glue to stick the scrunched up paper onto the bottle. (Repeat this until you have a pyramid volcano shape)

Rip strips of newspaper and place them onto the scrunched newspaper with glue to smooth out the volcano's surface.

Paint your volcano and try to get a reference volcano to paint to.

Put 50ml of H2O2, a drop of food colouring, and a squirt of soap into the bottle of your volcano.

In a beaker put 30ml of water, 2 spat of potassium iodide, and dissolve it by mixing it together. 

Get outside and then put the beaker mixture into the volcano. WATCH IT ERUPT.

Results:

Discussion:

How do volcanoes form?
On land, volcanoes form when one tectonic plate shifts itself under another tectonic plate. Usually, when this happened it is a thin, heavy, oceanic plate descends below a thicker continental plate. The oceanic plates water gets trapped with it under the continental plate which causes the water to slip out and make some rocks melt into magma. The melted rock, magma, is lighter than the rock surrounding it which makes the magma rise up to the magma chamber. 

The magma stays in the magma chamber for a while as the gas and the steam builds up. When it releases the pent up gas it causes the volcano to erupt the magma turning it into lava. The lava streams down the volcano as the smoke surrounds the area and pollutes the air. That is how volcanoes work.

What is the difference between magma and lava?
Magma is melted rock that is found under the Earth's surface. Lava is molten rock that has reached Earth's surface through the volcanoes vents.

Conclusion:

The experiment was super fun to set up and during the waiting process with the paint and glue, we worked on learning a bit more about volcanoes and what makes them work the way they do. It was educational and our volcano was the best eruption of the day. We had a smaller bottle hole so our one came out in a line whereas other peoples volcanos came out more like a blob. If I were to do it again I would make the volcano more sturdy by compacting the newspaper more and them using more glue to stick it down. 

Eclipse - Science

 The Solar Eclipse

During the day, the moon blocks the sunlight and makes the sun disappears. The light would go as would the sun for a couple of minutes. The Solar Eclipse would happen in the middle of the day. The last one was 1965 and the next one will be in 2028 which will cover the south island.

                      

The Lunar Eclipse

During the night, the earth blocks the moon from the sun. This causes the light that reflects the moon to disappear and as the light goes so does the moon. We would not see the moon during this night. The last Lunar Elipse The next Lunar Eclipse is on the 8-9th of November 2022.       

Plant Cells - Science

 

 

Large Vacuole - The Large Vacuole contains water as well as dissolved substances. Its main reason for being is to maintain pressure against the inside of the cell wall. It is also used to help support the plant and it gives the cells a shape.

Cell Wall - It is the ridge layer of polysaccharides around the outside of the cells of plants, animals, and more. It is used as protection from stress.

Cell Membrane - The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is found in both animals and plants. It is used to regulate the transport of things entering and exiting the cell.

Chloroplast - Chloroplast is an organelle within cells of plants and other things. It is the site of photosynthesis, which is the process by which energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy for growth.

Cytoplasm - It is a thick, liquid the fills each cell and is enclosed in the membrane. It is the thing where all of the functions for cell expansion, growth, and replica. 

Nucleus - The Nuceuls is where we find all of the 46 chromosomes. The chromosomes are the holding place for the DNA.

DNA Extraction Experiment - Science

 Aim: To extract DNA from the kiwi fruit

Method:

1.  Mush half a kiwifruit in a zip lock bag with a splash of water and a small teaspoon of salt.
2.  Strain the solution through a cloth into a beaker.
3.  Add a squirt of dishwashing liquid and stir.
   
4. Pour into a test tube.
5.  Place the test tube in a beaker filled with WARM water.
6.  Leave for 10 minutes.
7.  Slowly pour 5mL of methylated spirits down the inside of the test tube.

Where do you find the DNA?
In every organism, there is a cell and within that cell, there is a nucleus. There are 46 chromosomes in the nucleus and in those chromosomes there are strands of DNA. 

What makes up DNA?
DNA is made up of simple repeating units called nucleotides. A nucleotide is comprised of sugar, a phosphate, and a base. The sides of DNA are made up of sugar and phosphate. These sides are linked together by chemicals called nucleotide bases.

Testing For Hydrogen Gas - Science

 AIM: To show that hydrogen gas is produced when a metal reacts with acid.

Equipment:
1. Test Tube
2. Boiling Tube
3. Bunsen Burner
4. Wooden splint
5. Bottle of acid
6. Piece of metal
7. Saftey Glasses

Method:
1. Light your bunsen burner
2. Add your sample of metal to your test tube. Add 3ml of acid
3. Carefully invert the boiling tube above the test tube containing the metal and acid.
4. Hold the test tubes together for a few minutes, allowing time for the inverted boiling tube to fill with gas.
5. When you think the tube if full, your lab partner should light a wooden splint.
6. Carefully, but quickly, tilt the boiling tube full of gas upwards and insert the burning splint into the mouth of the test tube.

Observation:
The tube with the gas in it made a POP sound when the burning splint was put into the mouth of the tube. It worked better when we waited for 1 minute and 20 seconds. The gas turned to smoke after the POP sound. We could tell that a chemical reaction was happening because when the metal hit the acid it started bubbling/ boiling. You could also tell when we added the splint because of the big POP sound.

Acid Rain - Science

 Acid rain is made by a chemical reaction that starts when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. Cars, trucks, and busses all add these compounds into the air. The pollution from the compounds that cause acid rain can also create tiny particles. These particles get into people's lungs and can cause health problems and/or can make existing health problems worse. China has the worst spell of acid rain because of its extensive use of acid rain. Acid rain can not rot your skin and it doesn't taste or smell any different than normal rain.

Acid Rain Experiment:

Equipment - 

Universal indicator,
Bromothymol blue,
Moist Calcium Carbonate,
Moist flower petals,
Moist apple,
dropper.

Observation - 

Start: The universal indicator is a green liquid. Bromothymol blue is a blue liquid. The calcium carbonate is a cream-coloured powder.. The flower petal is a red solid. The apple is an apple coloured solid.

After: The universal indicator turned red. The Bromothymol blue turned red. The calcium carbonate turned into a cream-coloured solid. The flower petal turned into a withered solid. The apple turned into a dry solid.

Neutralisation - Science

 Aim: To observe neutralisation reaction.

Equipment: 
6 test tubes, test tube rack, 1 base, 1 acid ( making sure it has around the same PH level on opposite sides), dropper bottle, Universal Indicator.

Method:

1. Get all of your equipment.
   
2. Fill 4 test tubes with 3ml of acid.
3. FIll the other 2 with 3ml of the base.
4. Add a squirt of universal indicator to each test tube.
5. Add different amounts of acids and bases to make the colors of the rainbow. (ROYGBIV)

Observation:

A chemical reaction caused by adding the base to the acid was extraordinary. When the base was being added in you could see the acid and the base mixing around changing the color from blue to red until it finally came to a stop at a yellowish-green. 

Discussion:

This means that it was changing to a neutral ph level. Tho it is turning green, when t is green that doesn't mean that it would be drinkable. Neutralisation is when a chemical reaction occurs while mixing together a base and an acid. Every acid has hydrogen in it where every base has hydroxide. These are the main chemicals ht are in every base or acid making us believe that they are the reason for the changing in color/neutralisation. When they combined together to get the perfect mix between each chemical it making them cancel each other out. (Mixing the two chemicals together makes H2O also known as water) It is called neutralisation because it is causing the base and the acid to get to a safe level (7).

Conclusion: 

In conclusion, we were able to understand the method behind the mixing of the chemicals. I also understand how hydrogen and hydroxide cause the chemicals to change colors. If I were to do it again I would get a stronger base for the acid was pretty strong causing the chemical reactions to be slowed down. It also meant my group and I had to use more of the base than we should of for it took longer to change.

Science - Model Atom

 AIM - To make a model atom.

Method -

1. Choose an atom to make (Between Hydrogen and Neon)
2. Work out how many protons, neutrons, and electrons has.
3. Hydrogen to Berylium uses the big beads.
4. Boron to neon use the small beads.
5. Assign protons and neutrons to a particular color bead. 
6. Get a ball of blue tac and stick the protons and neutrons to this to make your nucules.
7. Cut out the appropriate electron shells and draw on the electrons with a vivid.
8. Connect the nucleus and electron shells with a piece of string.
9. Create a label to go above the model so people know what you have created.

Results - 

How Does Your Hand Work - Inside Out

For the past two weeks, we have been looking at bones and muscles in our bodies but we have been recently been looking at how our hand functions. In your hand, you have 27 bones keeping it in place as well as 20 joints to help bend your hand in ways to help us with everyday activities. With the muscles in our hand, we have them in our palm and forearm but our fingers don't have any. You have two types of joints in your hand, the first one is a hinge joint which is a joint that can only move one way like how your fingers can only for forwards, the second is a ball and socket joint which is the joint that can move around in a circle. 

We made some hands of our own out of paper, reusable straws, and string. We cut the paper into a hand shape and stuck that straws to it. We cut three pieces for the fingers but two for the thumb, then we cut 5 medium-sized ones to connect the fingers to the hand. After that, we cut a small part of the straw to connect all of them together. Once we were done with the base we used 5 thin strips of string and put them through the straw.

Cow Eye Dissection

A.I.M - To look at a cow's eye and the main parts of the eye.

Equipment -

1. Eyeball
2. Scissors
3. Gloves
4. Tweezers

Method -
1. Remove the tissue before you start
2. Gently puncture the eye and cut around the cornea. ( DO NOT SQUEEZE )
3. Remove the humor from the eye
4. Cut the rest of the eye in half
5. Get rid of the retina

Investigating Light - Making Waves

In science today we were working on learning about light energy and how fast light travels. We had to learn about the differences between Transparent, Translucent, and Opaque. Here is my work.

1. Window - Transparent
2. Cloud - Translucent
3. Can of coke - Opaque
4. Mirror - Opaque
5. A dog - Opaque
6. A glass of milk - Opaque
7. Frosted glass - Translucent    
8. A desk - Opaque

1. Moon - No
2. Sun - Yes
3. Mirror ball - No
4. Match - Yes
5. Phone (cell) - Yes

What is the fastest way to travel through the universe?

A light.

What is the speed of light?

299 792 458 m

Define optical science?

Science and studies of lights.

What is fiber optics?

Thin pieces of glass/plastic that light pass through.

Name three instruments the help use see very small objects far away

1 - Telescope

2 - Microscope

3 - Binoculars

Making Waves - Marshmallow Catapults

Definitions of scientific methods.

A.I.M - What you want to find out.

Hypothesis: An educated method guess.

Equipment/method: Material used for the experiment.

Conclusion: What you research and what you find out.

Steps: The order in which you carry out the experiment.

Findings: What you found out. ( not your friend )

EXPERIMENT

Hypothesis:

I don't think that it will shoot far at all.

Equipment:

1. 1 clean cup
2. 1 balloon
3. 1 pair of scissors
4. 1 marshmallow

Method:

1. Cut the bottom off the cup with the scissors.
2. Tie a knot at the neck of the balloon and snip off the tip.
3. Stretch the balloon over the top of the cup. You may find this a bit tricky to start with, but after making a few it becomes easy.
4. Pop your marshmallow into the cup.
5. Fire the missile by pulling the knotted neck of the balloon and letting go. You will be surprised at how far it can travel2
6. The open end will fold together when you stretch the balloon, but this will not stop the missile from firing.

Findings:

Our marshmallow catapult was able to shoot up to 11 of my feet when Tennessee shot it over the desk. When the elastic balloon was pulled back it stretched very far and the further the balloon went the more likely the marshmallow would go further.

Hurumanu - Wind Power

Extreme weather

Measuring weather.

Definitions:

1. Anemometer:
2. Beaufort wind scale:

MATERIALS

1.   Tape
2.   Pencil
3.   Four circular dishes ( NOT REAL DISHES
4.   Pin
5.   2 Kabab sticks

STEPS

1. Tape your circles onto the sticks so all of them would be facing the same way when tapes together.
2.  Tape the sticks together making an x.
3.  Put the pin through the tape on the sticks but making sure that you don't tape the pin.
4.  In the other end where the pin came out, put the end of the pencil ( the rubber ) on the sharp pin.
5.  Go around your place and record how many spins it makes in the different places.

Group Investigation.

Groups size: 5 
Roles:

• Timekeeper ( watch)

• Counter

• Recorder ( Chromebook or refill )

• Anemometer Manager ( Anemometer)

• Wind Manager

Instructions:

• Go to the measuring place and set up your wind gauge.
• Make sure everyone in your group is ready to start their roles.
• Record how many times it spins and record it in the table below.
• Count the number of spins in 15 seconds.
• Record it on your chart.

FINDINGS

	Place name on school grounds	Number of Spins in 15 seconds
1.	Field	0
2.	Old J Block site	2
3.	Grass hill in the quad	1
4.	Tennis Court gate	0

CONCLUSION:

I think that the old J block site has the most wind because of all of the construction that has been going on. The Feld and Tenis courts Had the least amount of wind because today was a calm day and there has been nothing going on around those places. The Grass hill had 1 spin because the higher we go the more the wind blows. In conclusion, It doesn't matter if you measure at the same time It just matters where you are and how much the wind blows there.

Climate Chaos - Stuff

In period 3 and 4 watched a documentary about the good things that we can do to help keep our earth a nice, clean place. While watching this documentary I learned that climate change can be a good and a bad thing it just depends on your opinion on the heat/coldness. The other thing that I learned was that the world could be a great place if you just stop and think for a minute on what you're doing. I was surprised that one little thing that we all decide to do could change the world for the better. When I first heard we were gonna watch it I was excited because I wanted to know what I ould do to help this world become a better place for humanity. When I watched it I was worried about the fact that some people in this world wouldn't care about the earth and continue with destroying the earth.

Hurumanu - Decomposing and Recycling

Aim: To learn about the rate that different materials decompose.
Hypothesis: I think that the bread will decompose the fastest because it is placed in water.

Materials:

1. Test tubes x 4
2. Corks x 4
3. Test tube stand
4. Bread
5. Banana
6. Styrophone
7. Brown paper/cardboard
8. Water

Steps:

1. Collect your materials from your science teacher.
2. Put the banana, styrophone, paper/cardboard, and bread into their own test tubes.
3. Add half a tube of water to the bread.
4. Write the names of your team members down so you know whos thing is whos
5. Set them out and wait for your results.

Findings:

TODAY	Colour	Change	Observations
Banana	Yellow	Nothing	It is getting brown quickly
Paper	Brown	Nothing	Nothing is happening
Styrophone cup	White	Nothing	Nothing is happening
Bread	White	Nothing	Nothing is happening

Climate Chaos - The Water Cycle

Draft: Water Cycle Experiments

The purpose of these experiments is to duplicate the water cycle process in a plastic bag.

Materials -

• 2 x A4 plastic ziplock bag
• 50mm of water
• 50mm of sparkling water
• Blue food coloring
• Baking soda
• Litmus paper
• Marker
• Double-sided tape

Steps -

1. Draw the water cycle (with labels) on both the A4 plastic, ziplock bags.
2. Open the ziplock bags and pour 50mm water in one of the plastic bags.
3. Open the other bag and put 50mm of sparkling water into it.
4. Put 2 drops of blue food coloring in each of the bags.
5. Add 1 teaspoon of baking soda to the bag with the sparkling water.
6. Add to the same bag a strip of litmus paper on the top half of the paper is sticking up and the other in the bag.
7. Seal both of the bags tight making sure to conceal everything inside.
8. Use double-sided tape to attach both bags onto a window.

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Feedback (Positive, Thoughtful, Helpful):

Hi Emily, your writing is coming along very well, I have come across something that just needs to be changed. Firstly just check the spelling in the first paragraph, secondly just fix up mm to ml. The steps are looking good. Have you got a conclusion, sorry I can’t really tell you? 

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Final: Water Cycle Experiments

The purpose of these experiments is to duplicate the water cycle process in a plastic bag.

Materials -

• 2 x A4 plastic ziplock bag
• 50ml of water
• 50ml of sparkling water
• Blue food coloring
• Baking soda
• Litmus paper
• Marker
• 20 cm double-sided tape

Steps -

1. Draw the water cycle (with labels) on both the A4 plastic, ziplock bags.
2. Open the ziplock bags and pour 50ml water in one of the plastic bags.
3. Open the other bag and put 50ml of sparkling water into it.
4. Put 2 drops of blue food coloring in each of the bags.
5. Add 1 teaspoon of baking soda to the bag with the sparkling water.
6. Add to the same bag a strip of litmus paper on the top half of the paper is sticking up and the other in the bag.
7. Seal both of the bags tight making sure to conceal everything, inside.
8. Use double-sided tape to attach both bags onto a window.

Conclusion -

In conclusion, I think that this experiment is worthwhile and very educational. Creating the water cycle in a plastic bag may take some time but in the end, you would be one step closer to finding out more about how the water cycle works and what we can do to help stop climate change.

Findings:

	The Water Cycle	Acid Water Cycle
Does it cycle?	1	1
Amount of Water	1	1
Acidity	0	2

Key: Water and acidity amount: 0 = none 

1 = small 

2 = large 

Conclusion:

The water cycle experiment takes a lot of time so making it would mean you would have to have patience. It takes a little while to get going but afterward it is amazing with how the condensation completes it. The water cycle moves around like a circle. It all comes along if all of the parts do their job. If you didn't have one of these vital parts the water cycle wouldn't exist which means the rain would be no more.